Neurosurgery is the surgical specialization that treats diseases and disorders of the brain and spinal cord. Back pain can sometimes cause neurological symptoms such as numbness, muscle weakness, and loss of bowel and bladder control due to nerve root dysfunction. These symptoms indicate that neurosurgery is needed to treat the underlying cause of back pain as opposed to conservative treatment. Procedures to treat back pain under neurosurgery include discectomy, laminectomy, and spinal fusion surgery. In neurosurgery, there is a greater risk of further nerve damage and infection that can lead to paralysis.